How to Design a Custom Bandpass or Bandreject Filter for Specific Frequency Ranges?

Steps:

1.Define Parameters: Choose type (BPF/BRF), center frequency (F0), bandwidth (BW) or cutoff frequencies (F1、F2), filter order, and attenuation requirements.

2. Select Topology:

Passive: RLC circuits (simple but load-sensitive).

Active: Op-amp + RC (e.g., Sallen-Key, multiple feedback).

Digital: FIR/IIR (requires DSP).

3.Calculate Components:

4.Simulate & Verify: Use SPICE or Python (SciPy) to simulate frequency response and tweak component values.

5. Prototype & Test: Account for component tolerances, parasitics, and optimize performance.

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